This impacts immensely on several sustainability influencing variables which is mostly expressed in residential developments. After the conference, it was widely thought that government attitudes toward human settlements would change, particularly in terms of policymaking to combat contemporary urban disparities such as fragmentation also known as enclave urbanism. This was the first gathering of academics, practitioners, and activists following the recommendation of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and the General Assembly by which nations across the globe expressed their concern over the poor condition of human settlements, particularly in developing countries. Until the Vancouver Declaration at the Habitat I Conference in 1976 there was little international attention on the importance of reversing urban spatial disparities. Social action and the struggle against the exclusionary process of globalisation - such as the commodification and privatisation of urban space - have always been on the international urban agenda. Exclusion has become a permanent visual reality in cities in which walled and gated communities divide the urban tissue and take up a large part of the urban space. The distinguishing feature of urban space is exclusion, which causes deformity, and the disappearance of urban structure. The final IUSP model with merged data sets 1.3. The responsive model developed as a key product of this study aims to assist policymakers, planners, designers, landscapers, and developers as a guideline for facilitating inclusive and sustainable urban development. The results of this inquiry are significant because they bring together the interdisciplinary perspectives to discern comprehensively the idea of inclusivity and sustainability in urban space production. Both sets of results indicated that the intention to promote inclusive developments is predicted by seventeen dependent variables categorically presented under urban development characteristics, exclusive development enablers, inclusive development barriers, and sustainability criteria. Results from these two concurrent approaches were merged to yield the final model. The study demonstrated a concurrent mixed method design (case study and survey questionnaire). Participation by all of them is essential to enhance inclusive urban space production for sustainability. The aim of this paper is to present results of a study that sought to examine the factors that influence urban space production, and with particular focus on the roles of the state, private sector, and community. The distinguishing feature of urban space in South Africa is the phenomenon of exclusion, which causes deformity, and disappearance of urban structure.

Regrettably, the new dispensation inherited still very much race-based urban areas. It also brought its own sets of challenges to the country. The year 1994 marked the dawn of the new, democratic South Africa.

Vance urban realms model